Searching for Planet Nine

Have you heard, another major planet lurking in the distant shadows of our Solar System?
It’s not out of the realm of possibility.
In fact, a couple of scientists think it’s basically a certainty at this point.
Say hello to Planet Nine, or Planet X.
Well you can’t really say hello to it, because we haven’t seen it yet.
But two researchers at Caltech, Mike Brown and Konstantin Batygin, are convinced it’s
out there based on the way objects are moving around at the edge of the Solar System.
And if it does exist, it’s a pretty sizable planet.
The two estimate it’s about 10 to 12 times the mass of Earth, so kind of like a smaller
Neptune.
And it orbits wayyyyy out there.
At its farthest from the Sun, the planet is somewhere between 500 and 1200 AUs.
For reference Pluto’s farthest distance is less than 50 AUs from the Sun.
So it’s possible that this planet takes up to 20,000 Earth years to complete just
one orbit.
Right now, this stranger is mostly going by the name of Planet Nine, but not everyone
is keen on that title.
Alan Stern: I don't like them calling it Planet 9.
The astronomer who discovered was named Clyde Tombaugh.
He did it in 1930.
He was 24 years old and people had looked for a generation.
And nobody could find the planet they were looking for.
So the reason I don't like the term Planet 9, when by count the next planet would be
about Planet 29, is that it diminishes Clyde Tombaugh's legacy.
What he did was an absolutely amazing feat for 20th century astronomy.
And I think it is insensitve, and a little bit rude to try to diminish that.
But, Planet Nine is the name that stuck, so I guess we’ll go with it for now.
Anyway, the search really gained steam in 2014, when Mike and Konstantin decided to
look at the outer Solar System a little bit more closely.
They were inspired by the discovery of a new object in the Kuiper Belt.
That’s the cloud of icy bodies that orbits past Neptune.
The announcement of this new object called their attention to the most distant objects
in the Solar System, these are the ones that take more than 4,000 years to orbit the Sun.
They noticed a strange pattern with six of these far out objects, including the one that
had just been found.
They all had a common “argument of perihelion.”
Don’t worry, the Kuiper Belt objects aren’t in a fight or anything.
The argument of perihelion is this really obscure orbital feature, and it basically
means whenever these objects make their closest approach to the Sun, they’re all at the
same angle to a plane of reference.
That was immediately strange, because this parameter should be random for each object.
It was the first indication that their orbits had been manipulated, possibly by another
planet.
Then a closer look showed even more interesting similarities.
All of their orbits lie in the same plane, and they’re all kind of tilted away from
the plane of the Solar System by about 20 degrees.
Plus they’re all highly elliptical and swing out from the Sun in the same direction.
Normally, these objects would trace out randomly in a flower-like pattern.
It’s as if some THING had arranged these objects so that they cluster in space together.
And that something had significant gravitational influence.
So the two researchers set out to figure out what was behind this strange pattern.
At first, they rejected the idea that a planet was the culprit.
You can’t just be pulling planets out of thin air, I mean, the vacuum of space.
But after ruling out all the other mechanisms that could be causing these objects to cluster,
they decided there was no other explanation except for a planet.
It’s not a totally crazy idea either.
Neptune was predicted purely through math in 1846.
Inspired by that process, Konstantin came up with a model of the Solar System as it
evolved over 4 billion years.
He threw planet nine into this model, and sure enough, it evolved beautifully into the
Solar System we see today.
And since this first discovery, even more objects have been found in the outer Kuiper
Belt that fit this pattern.
But there are extra clues that Planet Nine exists too.
For one: it may be responsible for why the Sun is tilted.
For many years now, we’ve know that the Sun’s axis is tilted, or oblique, by about
6 degrees in relation to the rest of the Solar System.
Basically all of the planets orbit in the same flat plane around the Sun, but the Sun
looks like it’s spinning at a slight angle in relation to everything else.
It’s been a long-standing mystery for a while, but the Caltech researchers say Planet
Nine could be behind this.
The planet’s gravity has torqued the solar system out of alignment with the sun, so basically
all of us are the ones that are tilted.
Then there’s another clue: a bunch of objects right next to Neptune are orbiting the wrong
way in the Solar System.
One recently discovered object Niku is basically perpendicular to the rest of the Solar System,
and it’s going in the opposite direction of most other objects.
Konstantin says Planet Nine is responsible for this too.
It’s doing something called the Kozai effect.
It’s actually tilting the orbits of objects on their sides, and with the help of Neptune,
they end up orbiting the Sun in the wrong direction.
Alright so we have all this evidence for Planet Nine, but we still don’t have the smoking
gun: seeing the damn thing!
The Caltech researchers have been observing the night sky with Subaru, a huge telescope
located in Hawaii.
The goal is to completely map out the orbit of the planet, so they can eventually catch
it.
It’s a process that may take a while, probably a couple years.
And it may be hampered if Planet Nine is orbiting against the backdrop of the Milky Way.
Since this planet is so far away, it’s super faint, so it’d be much harder to see against
a bunch of really bright stars.
But it’s not so ridiculous to think that this planet might exist.
One of the biggest findings from NASA’s Kepler mission is that smaller Neptunes like
Planet Nine are very common throughout the galaxy.
So having one in our neighborhood actually makes us pretty normal.
Konstantin says he’s confident we’re gonna find it eventually, but we may just be waiting
a while.
So fun fact Mike Brown was actually referenced in another video that we did about "What makes
a planet a planet," because he is often credited with helping to demote Pluto to a dwarf planet.
So the irony here is that he got rid of one 9th planet and then replaced it with his own
9th planet.

Searching for Planet Nine

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