Searching for Signs of Life on Mars

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2020 will be a banner year for the exploration of Mars.
In addition to the launch of NASA's Mars 2020 rover, the
European Space Agency and Roscosmos are sending the
ExoMars rover to the red planet.
As it descends from its landing platform, ExoMars will embark on
an enterprising mission: to uncover buried signs of past or
present life.
The Martian surface is a harsh environment, bombarded with
cosmic radiation, but the subsurface
could offer better protection.
For this reason, ExoMars is equipped with an extending drill
that can retrieve samples from up to two meters
below the surface.
Studying these samples will be the job of the Analytical Lab, a
trio of instruments designed to search for the molecular
fingerprints of life.
The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer, or MOMA, is the
largest and most complex instrument on the rover.
Its mass spectrometer subsystem and its main electronics were
built and tested at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center,
which also contributed mass spectrometers to NASA's
Curiosity rover and MAVEN orbiter.
MOMA is designed with a mix of proven hardware and innovative
new technologies.
Here's how it works: in gas chromatograph mode, crushed
Martian rock is put into an oven and heated to 900 degrees
Celsius in just two minutes, vaporizing the sample.
Molecules of hot gas rise up, and flow into a narrow, twenty
meter-long tube.
Special coatings inside the tube cause molecules with certain
chemistries to slow down more than others, separating the
mixture of molecules over time.
Next, a beam of electrons ionizes the molecules, giving
them a positive electric charge and deflecting them towards the
linear ion trap.
The ions are caught by a fluctuating electric field, and
sent to a detector to determine their chemical makeup.
While gas chromatography has been used to study Mars since
the Viking program, MOMA has a second method for preparing
samples that has never been used on another planet.
In laser desorption mode, a sample is placed beneath a
powerful ultraviolet laser.
A beam of energetic light builds within the laser and fires in a
billionth of a second, concentrating its energy onto a
spot smaller than a grain of sand.
This rapidly vaporizes a portion of the sample, releasing large
organic molecules that could be broken down by oven heating.
The laser shot also ionizes some of the molecules, allowing the
vapor to head directly to the linear ion trap.
Neutral molecules are ejected by a vacuum, while the remaining
ions are sent to the detector to determine their chemical makeup.
Laser desorption will enable MOMA to detect long molecules
like lipids, the building blocks of cell membranes, a leap
forward in the search for life on Mars.
MOMA's linear ion trap is another first
for the red planet.
It will scan for the fingerprints of life using
techniques normally confined to laboratories on Earth.
One technique, called SWIFT, repeatedly ejects unwanted
molecules from the trap.
Over time this builds up molecules of interest,
improving detection.
Another technique is tandem mass spectrometry, or MS/MS, which
identifies large molecules by breaking them apart and
analyzing their fragments.
By combining SWIFT and MS/MS, MOMA can determine an individual
molecule's formula and its structure, both important
criteria in the search for life.
The question of life on Mars is among the most important in
planetary science, and the evidence may be buried just
below the surface.
With the help of MOMA, ExoMars will take us one step closer to
uncovering the answer.
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Searching for Signs of Life on Mars

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